An Analysis on Organic and Inorganic Jaggery Production in Mandya District

 

Madegowda M.¹, Chethana B.²

¹Associate Professor of Economics, Government College for Women,

Maddur, Mandya District, Karnataka State – 571428, India.

²Assistant Professor of Economics, Sri Mahadeshwara Government First Grade College, Kollegala, Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka State – 571440, India.

 

ABSTRACT:

The present research delves into the dynamic landscape of Jaggery production in Mandya District, Karnataka, exploring the dichotomy between organic and inorganic methods. With a focus on the economic significance of the agriculture sector in India, particularly in Karnataka, where sugarcane is a major commercial crop, the study aims to analyse taluk-wise Jaggery production, compare production costs, and examine associated problems. The research, based on primary data collected through interviews with Jaggery producers in four taluks of Mandya district. Among the key findings, the study highlights a significant difference in sugarcane production between organic and inorganic Jaggery units. Despite challenges such as financial losses and marketing issues faced by sugar factories, the shift to Jaggery production emerges as a potential solution for both farmers and the industry. The results shed light on the taluk and gender-wise distribution of Jaggery producers, emphasizing the predominance of male producers. Furthermore, the research provides insights into variable costs, fixed costs, and daily production of Jaggery in different taluks. The study reveals that organic Jaggery production involves higher variable costs compared to inorganic methods, offering crucial economic insights for stakeholders. Challenges such as non-availability of labour, irregular power supply, and lack of market information are identified as common concerns. The chi-square test results indicate significant associations between opinions on problems like lack of transportation and lack of credit facilities with the method of Jaggery production.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Agriculture sector has an important place in Indian economy. Economic development of emerging countries like India crucially depends on performance of its agriculture. Hence, this sector plays a significant role in livelihood, employment, and food security of Indian and Karnataka’s Economy. In India and Karnataka’s agriculture, sugarcane is one of the major commercial crops cultivated and used for the production of Sugar and Jaggery (Karnataka Economic survey 2021-22)⁵. India’s Jaggery has demand in international market. As the major producer of Jaggery, the country has been recognized as one of the leading traders and exporters of Jaggery to the world (Bhagyashree, 2015)¹. India exports Jaggery to Bangladesh, Britain, Canada, Chile, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Maleshiya, Nepal, America etc., (Sandesh, K C. 2009)⁸.

 

Jaggery industry is one of India's oldest and most important rural-based cottage industry (Nath, Dutt and Singh, 2015)⁶. Vengaiah et al. (2013)¹⁰ in their study point out that although palm Jaggery which is made from palmyrah palm and is of great demand, costlier and rich in medicinal values. There are strong indications that the Jaggery cottage industry would continue to play an important role in processing sugarcane at rural level and in creating employment opportunities to the millions of people in rural areas. From many studies it is highlighted that Jaggery is better than sugar for health (Priyanka Shrivastav et al. 2016)⁷. Recently many people have started consuming Organic Jaggery instead of sugar. Therefore, along with preparation of Jaggery using chemicals there is preparation of Organic Jaggery without adding chemicals. An account of its nutritive content, keeping quality and assured market growing of Jaggery with Organic clarifficant assumes importance in order to produce quality Jaggery as there is a growing demand for Organic Jaggery within the state and in the export market (Jayamala G B et al.)⁴.  Shivanaikar et al. (2014)⁹ in their study evaluated the financial appraisal of Organic and Inorganic Jaggery preparation in Bagalkot district of Karnataka. They were produced in an attempt to assess the financial viability of Jaggery processing units, with the specific goals of analysing the investment pattern in Jaggery processing units and studying the cost and returns associated with Organic and Inorganic Jaggery production. Hence, the present study considers the production of both Organic and Inorganic Jaggery in its analysis.

 

The fluctuations in the price of sugar influences the sugar production and sugar factories are facing some problems like financial loss, marketing problems, technological issues, labour problems etc. Therefore, sugar factories are not able to pay remunerative price to the farmers and also unable to purchase the sugarcane on time from the farmers (Gangwar Deepa and Misra Roli, 2023)³. Due to this the farmers are facing financial loss and are trapped in debt. Hence, if farmers start preparing Jaggery or start supplying sugarcane for preparation of Jaggery these problems can be reduced to some extent. But the problem is, Jaggery production comes under unorganized sector and it is facing several problems. Specifically, the production and marketing of the Organic and Inorganic Jaggery is an important problem (RKVY project on “Establishment of Jaggery Park in Southern Karnataka” by the Department of Agriculture (Period 2008-09 to 2012-13))². Hence this study makes a moderate attempt in this direction by considering Mandya district of Karnataka State as study area in which production of Jaggery is a major economic activity.

 

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

·       To analyse the taluk wise production of Organic and Inorganic Jaggery in Mandya District.

·       To compare the cost of production between Organic and Inorganic Jaggery production.

·       To examine the problems associated with Organic and Inorganic Jaggery production.

 

HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY:

Ø There is a significant difference in taluk wise Organic and Inorganic Jaggery Production in the study area.

Ø There is a significant association between the opinions on problems of Organic and Inorganic Jaggery production.

 

METHODOLOGY:

The present study is based on primary data collected from the field survey using interview schedule. Mandya district of the Karnataka state is considered as the research area for the purpose of study. In Mandya district four taluks namely, Maddur, Mandya, Pandavapura, and Srirangapatna are considered. Because large number of Jaggery units located in these taluks. The primary data collected from both Organic and Inorganic Jaggery producers of the study area. The sample units are selected based on proportionate random sampling method.

 

Out of 605 Jaggery units in the study area 150 are Organic Jaggery units and 455 are Inorganic Jaggery units. As per the sample size estimation using finite population formula 236 Organic and Inorganic Jaggery producers were considered for this study. Out of these 236 producers 59 Organic Jaggery and 177 Inorganic Jaggery producers have interviewed.

 

Primary data has been collected from the Organic and Inorganic Jaggery producers as mentioned in Table 1. Sample units are distributed proportionately among taluks.

 

Table 1: Classification of Study Area

District	Taluk	Organic Jaggery Units	Inorganic Jaggery Units	Total
Mandya	Maddur	08	23	31
	Mandya	25	57	82
	Pandavapura	16	66	82
	Srirangapatna	10	31	41
Total		59	177	236

 

The appropriate statistical techniques namely, ANOVA, Independent Sample t test and Chi Square test have been used for the analysis.

Table 2: Taluk and Gender wise distribution of Jaggery Producers

Taluk	Maddur		Mandya		Pandavapura		Srirangapatna		Total
	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic
Male	8	23	25	56	16	65	10	30	59	174
Female	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	3
Total	8	23	25	57	16	66	10	31	59	177

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

This section examines the results of primary data related to the production of both organic and inorganic Jaggery, keeping in mind the study's objectives. The detailed analysis of the present research work discussed in the following subheadings.

 

The Table 2 illustrates the distribution of organic and inorganic Jaggery producers across different taluks of Mandya district (Maddur, Mandya, Pandavapura, Srirangapatna) and by gender (Male, Female). There are 59 organic and 177 inorganic Jaggery producers.  Among males, 59 individuals produce organic Jaggery, and 174 individuals produce inorganic Jaggery. There are no female organic Jaggery producers in the study area, while 3 females are producing inorganic Jaggery. This result emphasizing the predominance of male producers in preparing Jaggery.

 

The provided frequency Table 3 delves into the nuanced landscape of Jaggery production across different taluks namely, Maddur, Mandya, Pandavapura, and Srirangapatna. It meticulously categorizes producers based on their education levels and the type of Jaggery they manufacture, differentiating between organic and inorganic production. 

 

Mandya and Pandavapura display their unique patterns, with SSLC and PUC educated producers dominating in both organic and inorganic categories.  But in Maddur taluk primary educated inorganic Jaggery producers are more than others. This granular insight not only offers a nuanced understanding of the interplay between education and agricultural practices but also provides a foundation for tailored strategies and interventions in each taluk. The data underscores the need for region-specific approaches to promote sustainable agriculture and harness the diverse skills of the local workforce.

 

The presented Table 4 outlines the annual production of sugarcane by Jaggery producers in various taluks, categorized by production volume (in tonnes) and the distinction between organic and inorganic methods. Across Maddur, Mandya, Pandavapura, and Srirangapatna taluks, the data indicates that most producers fall within the 0-200 tonne range, with significant contributions from both organic and inorganic processes. Mandya, Pandavapura and Srirangapatna exhibit the highest total production, with a substantial proportion falling within the 200-400 tonne category. As the production volume increases, the number of producers decreases, reflecting a concentration of larger producers in the lower tonnage brackets. This information provides valuable insights into the distribution of sugarcane production among Jaggery producers in each taluk, guiding regional agricultural strategies and resource allocation.

 

Table 3: Taluk and Education wise distribution of Jaggery Producers

Taluk	Maddur		Mandya		Pandavapura		Srirangapatna		Total
	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic
Illiterate	0	2	1	2	1	3	0	3	2	10
Primary	1	13	0	7	6	16	2	8	9	44
SSLC	1	5	7	21	4	23	1	5	13	54
PUC	4	1	8	18	4	21	2	7	18	47
Degree	1	2	9	9	1	2	4	7	15	20
PG	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	2	2
Total	8	23	25	57	16	66	10	31	59	177

Table 4: Taluk wise Production of Sugarcane by Jaggery Producers (In Tonnes Per Year)

Taluk	Maddur		Mandya		Pandavapura		Srirangapatna		Total
	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic
0-200	7	19	22	33	13	34	9	13	51	99
200-400	1	3	3	18	2	24	1	11	7	56
400-600	0	1	0	6	1	5	0	2	1	14
600-800	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	4	0	5
800 and above	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1
Total	8	23	25	57	16	65	10	30	59	175

 

Table 5: Comparison of Sugarcane Production between Organic and Inorganic Jaggery Producers (Tonnes Per Year)

Sugarcane Production		N		Mean			Std. Deviation			Std. Error Mean
Organic		59		144.79			90.578			11.792
Inorganic		175		227.66			153.700			11.619
Independent Samples Test
	Levene's Test for Equality of Variances		t-test for Equality of Means
	F	Sig.	T	df	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference		Std. Error Difference	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
									Lower		Upper
Equal variances assumed	9.701	.002***	-3.915	232	.000***	-82.869		21.167	-124.572		-41.166
Equal variances not assumed			-5.006	171.419	.000***	-82.869		16.554	-115.546		-50.192

Source: Values Computed by Researcher using Primary Data

Note: *, ** and *** indicate significance level one, five and ten percent respectively.

 

 

Table 6: Production of Jaggery (Quintal Per Day)

Taluk	Maddur		Mandya		Pandavapura		Srirangapatna		Total
	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic
0-5	8	21	19	50	11	2	7	10	45	83
05-10	0	2	5	7	4	48	1	11	10	68
10-15	0	0	0	0	1	15	2	5	3	20
15 and above	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	5	1	6
Total	8	23	25	57	16	66	10	31	59	177

 

The Table 5 shows the results of Independent Sample ‘t’ Test which is used to measure the difference in sugarcane production between Organic and Inorganic Jaggery producers. Since ‘F’ statistic is significant at 1% level, equal variances not assumed results are considered for comparing mean difference. It is observed from the result that the probability value is (0.000) less than 0.01, which indicates that there is a difference in average sugarcane production between Organic and Inorganic Jaggery producers. Further, the result is significant at 1% level of significance. Hence it is concluded that there is a significant difference in sugarcane production produced by Organic and Inorganic Jaggery producers.

 

The provided Table 6 offers insights into the daily production of Jaggery (in quintals) by producers across different taluks, categorized by production volume and the method of production (Organic or Inorganic). In Maddur, Mandya, Pandavapura, and Srirangapatna, the majority of Jaggery producers fall within the 0-5 quintal per day range, with a significant representation from both Organic and Inorganic processes. Pandavapura taluk has highest number of producers in 10-15 quintal per day range compare to others. As production volume increases, the number of producers decreases, highlighting the concentration of larger producers in the lower quintal brackets. This data aids in understanding the scale of Jaggery production in each taluk, guiding policymakers, and stakeholders in developing targeted strategies to support and enhance the sustainability of Jaggery production across the region.

 

Table 7: Descriptive Statistics of Organic Jaggery Production Per day (In Quintals)

Taluk	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error	Minimum	Maximum
Maddur	8	4.875	0.3536	0.125	4	5
Mandya	25	6.12	3.2187	0.6437	4	20
Srirangapatna	10	6.7	3.5606	1.126	3	14
Pandavapura	16	6.875	3.0957	0.7739	5	15
Total	59	6.254	3.0263	0.394	3	20

 

Table 7a: ANOVA Test Results for Taluk Wise Organic Jaggery Production

Groups	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Between Groups	23.821	3	7.940	.861	.467
Within Groups	507.365	55	9.225
Total	531.186	58

 

Table 8: Descriptive Statistics of Inorganic Jaggery Production Per day (In Quintals)

Taluk	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error	Minimum	Maximum
Maddur	23	4.826	.8869	.1849	4.0	8.0
Mandya	57	5.035	1.3491	.1787	4.0	10.0
Srirangapatna	31	10.355	7.3100	1.3129	5.0	40.0
Pandavapura	66	10.136	2.6422	.3252	4.0	20.0
Total	177	7.842	4.3807	.3293	4.0	40.0

 

 

Table 8a: ANOVA Test Results for Taluk Wise Inorganic Jaggery Production

	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Between Groups	1201.467	3	400.489	31.839	.000
Within Groups	2176.104	173	12.579
Total	3377.571	176

 

The ANOVA results shown in Table 7 and 7a to assess if there are statistically significant differences in the mean organic Jaggery production per day (in quintals) among different taluks (Maddur, Mandya, Srirangapatna, Pandavapura). The F-statistic is 0.861 with a p-value (Sig.) of 0.467. Since the p-value is greater than the significance level (commonly 0.05), we fail to reject the null hypothesis. This suggests that there is no significant difference in the mean organic Jaggery production per day among the taluks. In other words, the taluks do not show statistically significant variations in organic Jaggery production. The majority of the variability is attributed to random variation within each taluk rather than systematic differences between them.

 

The ANOVA test was conducted and results reported in Table 8 and 8a to assess if there are statistically significant differences in the mean Inorganic Jaggery production per day (in quintals) among different taluks (Maddur, Mandya, Srirangapatna, Pandavapura). The F-statistic is 31.839 with a p-value (Sig.) of 0.000. Since the p-value is less than the significance level (0.05), we reject the null hypothesis. This indicates that there are statistically significant differences in the mean Inorganic Jaggery production per day among the taluks. The variability observed in Inorganic Jaggery production is not merely due to random variation within each taluk but is indicative of systematic differences between them. Post-hoc tests or further analyses may be warranted to identify which taluks differ significantly. Results of which presented in the Table 9.

 

The LSD (Least Significant Difference) post hoc test was conducted and reported in Table 9 to further explore the pairwise differences in mean Inorganic Jaggery production per day among different taluks (Maddur, Mandya, Srirangapatna, Pandavapura). The LSD post hoc test identifies significant differences in mean Inorganic Jaggery production between Maddur and each of Srirangapatna and Pandavapura, and between Mandya and each of Srirangapatna and Pandavapura. However, there is no significant difference between Srirangapatna and Pandavapura. These results provide more detailed insights into the specific taluks that exhibit significant differences in Inorganic Jaggery production.

 

 

Table 9: LSD Post Hoc Test Results for Taluk Wise Inorganic Jaggery Production

(I) Code	(J) Code	Mean Difference (I-J)	Std. Error	Sig.	95% Confidence Interval
					Lower Bound	Upper Bound
Maddur	Mandya	-0.2090	0.8761	0.812	-1.938	1.520
	Srirangapatna	-5.5288*	0.9760	0.000	-7.455	-3.602
	Pandavapura	-5.3103*	0.8588	0.000	-7.005	-3.615
Mandya	Maddur	0.2090	0.8761	0.812	-1.520	1.938
	Srirangapatna	-5.3198*	0.7915	0.000	-6.882	-3.758
	Pandavapura	-5.1013*	0.6413	0.000	-6.367	-3.836
Srirangapatna	Maddur	5.5288*	0.9760	0.000	3.602	7.455
	Mandya	5.3198*	0.7915	0.000	3.758	6.882
	Pandavapura	0.2185	0.7722	0.778	-1.306	1.743
Pandavapura	Maddur	5.3103*	0.8588	0.000	3.615	7.005
	Mandya	5.1013*	0.6413	0.000	3.836	6.367
	Srirangapatna	-0.2185	0.7722	0.778	-1.743	1.306

 

 

Table 10: Total Fixed Cost of Jaggery Units (In Rs)

Taluk	Maddur		Mandya		Pandavapura		Srirangapatna		Total
	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic
0-500000	1	7	3	14	0	0	0	3	4	24
500000-1000000	3	6	8	29	1	15	2	5	14	55
1000000-1500000	4	7	9	10	12	35	7	9	32	61
1500000-2000000	0	3	3	3	0	6	0	3	3	15
2000000-2500000	0	0	1	0	3	5	0	5	4	10
2500000 and above	0	0	1	1	0	5	1	6	2	12
Total	8	23	25	57	16	66	10	31	59	177

 

Table 11: Total Variable Cost for Preparation of Jaggery (In Rs Per Quintal)

Taluk	Maddur		Mandya		Pandavapura		Srirangapatna		Total
Rs Per Quintal	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic
3000-4000	0	22	0	35	0	66	0	19	0	142
4000-5000	1	1	5	22	7	0	1	12	14	35
5000-6000	7	0	20	0	9	0	9	0	45	0
Total	8	23	25	57	16	66	10	31	59	177

 

The provided Table 10 delineates the total fixed costs (in Rs) incurred by Jaggery production units in various taluks, further classified by the method of production (organic or inorganic) and grouped into different cost brackets. The fixed cost includes formation of shed, yard, furnance, pans, cane crusher, electric motors, dynamo, dryer, filter plate, cooling fit, conveyor belt, kooni and others. In Mandya taluk most units fall within the 500,000-1,000,000 Rs range, with considerable representation from both Organic and Inorganic processes. Taluks like Maddur, Pandavapura and Srirangapatna witness a significant number of units in the 1,000,000-1,500,000 Rs range. The data indicates a varied distribution of fixed costs among Jaggery production units, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to tailor support and interventions based on the financial needs of units in different taluks.

 

The presented Table 11 explains the total variable costs (in Rs per quintal) associated with the preparation of Jaggery, categorized by different taluks and production methods (Organic or Inorganic). The variable cost includes expenditure on sugarcane, electricity bill, fuel cost, lubricants, labour charges and others. All the taluks stand out with a predominant concentration of units in the 5000-6000 Rs per quintal range, particularly in the Organic Jaggery production category. In Maddur, Mandya, Pandavapura, and Srirangapatna, a comprehensive analysis reveals intriguing patterns in variable cost distribution. The majority of inorganic Jaggery units across taluks incur variable costs falling within the 3000-4000 Rs per quintal range.

 

It is highlighted that the variable cost of production per unit in organic Jaggery production is larger than inorganic Jaggery production. This detailed breakdown of variable costs per quintal provides policymakers with crucial insights into the economic dynamics of Jaggery production in each taluk. Such information is instrumental in devising targeted strategies to support the Jaggery industry, fostering economic growth and resource optimization across the region.

 

Table 12: Different Varieties of Jaggery Production

Taluk	Maddur		Mandya		Pandavapura		Srirangapatna		Total
	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic
Acchu	5	13	21	16	9	46	7	11	42	86
Aani Acchu	3	0	4	28	4	15	2	1	13	44
Chakke	0	3	2	12	2	0	1	17	5	32
Bucket	0	0	1	0	1	7	0	1	2	8
Unde	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1
Powder	0	8	2	2	2	0	0	0	4	10

 

The provided Table 12 outlines the production of different varieties of Jaggery in various taluks, distinguishing between Organic and Inorganic methods. The Jaggery varieties include Acchu, Aani Acchu, Chakke, Bucket, Unde, and Powder. Acchu Jaggery dominates across all taluks, with the highest production numbers. Mandya stands out for Aani Acchu production, with the majority being inorganic. Chakke Jaggery variety also show significant representation, with varying production methods across taluks.

 

Interestingly, Unde Jaggery has minimal representation, produced only in Mandya through inorganic methods. Powder Jaggery, on the other hand, is produced in Maddur and Mandya, primarily through inorganic methods. This comprehensive breakdown of Jaggery varieties and production methods provides valuable insights into the regional preferences and practices, aiding policymakers interventions for sustainable and diverse Jaggery production.

 

The Table 13 highlights key challenges in Jaggery production across Maddur, Mandya, Pandavapura, and Srirangapatna taluks. Non-availability of labour is a unanimous concern in all taluks for both organic and inorganic production. Excessive demand for advance payments by laborers is prevalent, with slight variations. Limited and irregular power supply poses a common challenge, while non-availability of market information is recognized as a hindrance. The lack of raw materials, particularly sugarcane, is a significant issue. Variations exist in opinions on credit facilities. Transport facility inadequacy is acknowledged. Low sugarcane yield is identified as a widespread challenge. Licensing problems affect Jaggery production units across taluks. These insights guide policymakers in formulating targeted interventions to address specific challenges and promote sustainable Jaggery production practices.

 

Table 13: Problems Related to Jaggery Production

Taluk	Opinion	Maddur		Mandya		Pandavapura		Srirangapatna		Total
Problems		Organic	In-organic	Organic	In-organic	Organic	In-organic	Organic	In-organic	Organic	In-organic
Non-availability of labour	Yes	8	23	25	57	16	66	10	31	59	177
	No	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Excessive demand for advance by labourers	Yes	8	23	25	57	15	66	10	31	58	177
	No	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0
Limited and irregular power supply	Yes	8	23	25	57	15	62	10	31	58	173
	No	0	0	0	0	1	4	0	0	1	4
Non-availability of market information	Yes	8	23	25	57	15	58	10	31	58	169
	No	0	0	0	0	1	8	0	0	1	8
Lack of raw materials (Sugarcane)	Yes	8	23	25	56	15	53	10	31	58	163
	No	0	0	0	1	1	13	0	0	1	14
Lack of credit facilities	Yes	8	19	23	27	14	51	10	21	55	118
	No	0	4	2	30	2	15	0	10	4	59
Lack of transport facilities	Yes	3	10	18	14	14	48	5	15	40	87
	No	5	13	7	43	2	18	5	16	19	90
Low yield of Sugarcane	Yes	8	23	25	54	14	57	10	31	57	165
	No	0	0	0	3	2	9	0	0	2	12
Licensing problem	Yes	8	22	22	53	14	56	10	29	54	160
	No	0	1	3	4	2	10	0	2	5	17

 

Table 14: Chi-Square Test Results for Opinions on Jaggery Production Related Problems

Sl. No	Problems	Organic		Inorganic		Pearson chi2(1)	Prob
		Yes	No	Yes	No
1	Non-availability of labour	59	0	177	0	-	-
2	Excessive Demand for Advance	58	1	177	0	3.013	0.083
3	Irregular Power Supply	58	1	173	4	0.068	0.794
4	Non availability of marketing information	58	1	169	8	0.963	0.327
5	Lack of Raw Materials	58	1	163	14	2.871	0.090
6	Lack of Credit Facilities	55	4	118	59	15.944	0.000
7	Lack of Transportation	40	19	87	90	6.189	0.013
8	Low Yield	57	2	165	12	0.911	0.340
9	Licensing Problem	54	5	160	17	0.067	0.796

 

The chi-square test was conducted and reported in Table 14 to examine the association between opinions on Jaggery production-related problems (Yes/No) in both Organic and Inorganic methods. The chi-square p-value for excessive demand for advance is 0.083, suggesting that there is no significant association between the opinion on excessive demand for advance and the production method. In Irregular Power Supply, Non-availability of Marketing Information, Lack of Raw Materials, Low Yield and Licensing Problem, the p-values are greater than 0.05, indicating no significant association between the opinions and the production method.

 

The chi-square probability value for lack of transportation and lack of credit facilities is less than 0.05, indicates a highly significant association between the opinions and the production method. These results provide insights into which problems may have a significant association with the method of Jaggery production, guiding further investigation or targeted interventions based on the identified associations.

 

CONCLUSION AND POLICY SUGGESTIONS:

In conclusion, this research offers a comprehensive understanding of the Organic and Inorganic Jaggery production landscape in Mandya District, Karnataka, shedding light on critical aspects that influence the industry's dynamics. The study reveals a substantial difference in sugarcane production between Organic and Inorganic Jaggery units, emphasizing the potential impact of production methods on overall agricultural output. The shift towards Jaggery production emerges as a viable solution to mitigate challenges faced by sugar factories, providing farmers with alternative avenues to reduce financial losses and debt burdens.

 

The taluk and genderwise distribution patterns underscore the maledominated nature of Jaggery production, while educationwise distribution highlights the need for tailored approaches in promoting sustainable agriculture across different taluks. The examination of variable costs, fixed costs and daily Jaggery production provides nuanced insights into the economic intricacies of the industry. Notably, the higher variable costs associated with Organic Jaggery production indicate the economic considerations involved in choosing production methods.

 

The identification of challenges such as non-availability of labour, irregular power supply, and lack of market information underscores the obstacles faced by Jaggery producers. The chi-square test results further reveal significant associations between certain challenges and the chosen production method, informing targeted interventions for improved outcomes. By addressing the identified challenges and leveraging the insights provided, stakeholders can foster a conducive environment for Jaggery production, thereby contributing to the economic development of the study area.

 

REFERENCES:

1.      Bhagyashree, (2015). Production, marketing and export performance of Jaggery in Karnataka. M.Sc (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

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Received on 22.02.2025      Revised on 09.08.2025 Accepted on 13.01.2026      Published on 07.03.2026 Available online from March 10, 2026 Res. J. of Humanities and Social Sciences. 2026;17(1):1-8. DOI: 10.52711/2321-5828.2026.00001 ©AandV Publications All right reserved
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